Juvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention - 2440 Words

Introduction As of July 2015, the United States population has been reported at 321,238,352- accounting for at least 25% of the human population. Five percent out of the 25% of this population is the percentage of youths that are incarcerated or confined (Census, n.d). According to the U.S Department of Justice’s office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency prevention, it was reported in 2011 that 1 in 13 of juvenile arrests was for murder, and about 1 in 5 arrests was for robbery, burglary, or larceny-theft; totaling in an estimated amount of 1,470,000 arrests for 2011(Puzzanchera, 2013). The most popular crime committed between juveniles is arson, which makes up for 44% of all crimes committed by youths. Robbery and burglary both account†¦show more content†¦Hispanic juveniles are three times more likely than white youths to be incarcerated. Three out of four confined juveniles are minorities. Of all minorities, it has been proven that African-American juveniles have higher confi nement rates and are more likely to be sentenced to adult prison (Crutchfield, Fernandes, Martinez, 2010 p. 913). Pre-Existing Policies and Research: Over the years, the United States has been focused on finding alternative methods that will reduce crime rates, but there is still a larger issue at hand- the high rates of youth incarceration and racial disparities. The United States is the leading country in the world as far as juvenile incarceration is concerned. Many juveniles are taken to juvenile jails every day and this issue has raised a lot of questions from the public and private organizations. Studies conducted by the U.S Department of Justice’s office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency prevention have shown that the juvenile crime rates and juvenile incarceration rates have significantly been reduced over the past couple of years but there is still more that can be done so that these rates can hopefully, in the near future become very close to non-existent (Puzzanchera, 2013). After spending countless of hour’s conduction research,

Learning Cycle And Gibb s Reflective Cycle - 1454 Words

There are many influences on personal learning and what processes of learning benefits each individual. Some of these learning influences can have an impact, however they can also have benefits for others in a way of an individual sharing their knowledge with another. Within the learning sector there has been many theorists who have created learning cycles, the ones I will be talking about are Kolb’s experiential learning cycle and Gibb’s reflective cycle. Kolb’s experiential learning cycle is a theory that argues that we learn from our experiences of life on a daily basis. Cognitive ability is the way people learn and Kolb believed from an early age we begin to develop a sort of instinctive preference as to the way we process information and use it. Kolb (1984) believes that the process of learning follows a pattern or cycle. Kolb’s cycle is made up of 4 stages; the first stage is concrete experience and Kolb believes that life is full of loads of different experiences that everyone can learn from and whether you are at home, work, school or even out shopping that there was experiences everywhere within those sectors and that it was a way for us to start the learning cycle. The concrete experience is the doing stage, the stage where you have the experience. We then have stage two which is reflective observation, this stage involved looking back at our experiences and reflecting on them. Stage three is the abstract concep tualisation which is the stage where you learn fromShow MoreRelatedLearning Cycle And Gibb s Reflective Cycle1926 Words   |  8 PagesInfluences on personal learning There are many influences on personal learning and what processes of learning benefits each individual. Some of these learning influences can have an impact, however they can also have benefits for others in a way of an individual sharing their knowledge with another. Within the learning sector there has been many theorists who have created learning cycles, the ones I will be talking about are Kolb’s experiential learning cycle and Gibb’s reflective cycle. Kolb’s experientialRead MoreThe Importance Of Nursing Patients With Multi Resistant Organisms ( Mros )1269 Words   |  6 Pagescare with patients requiring standard and contact precautions using a model of reflection. Reflection is the process in which learners engage to recapture, notice and re-evaluate their experience, to work with their experience and to turn it into learning (Boud et al, 1993). The skill of reflection is essential to the development of clinical knowledge and ability which allows the learner to consider personal and professional skills and identify needs for ongoing development (Levett-Jones et al, 2011)Read MoreReflection On The Business Management Module And Internship Experience By Designing Gibbs Reflective Cycle979 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness management module and internship experience by incorporating Gibbs reflective cycle. Moreover, this essay also highlighted improvement in skills by getting enrolled in this module. With the intention to make the process of learning updated it is better to rely on the framework proposed by Gibbs (1998) which has mentioned below: Figure 1: Gibb s Reflective Cycle (Gibbs, 1988) Referring to the model of Gibbs reflective cycle, the essay first described the good or bad experiences from the eventRead MoreA Critical Examination Of Professional Learning811 Words   |  4 PagesA critical examination of professional learning in the workplace Introduction Nowadays, facing with great challenges like knowledge and skills to process amounts of information in the workplace, we have to engage ourselves in new learning about professional practice with range of activities, formal and informal (Fraser and Schwind, 2011). In particular, reflection is a significant mechanism in practice-based professional development settings where we can learn from experiences, rather than knowledgeRead MoreReflective Practice : An Essential Attribute For The Development Of Autonomous, Critical And Advanced Practitioners1627 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessional motivator to â€Å"move on and do better with one’s practice†, with the common goal of learning from one’s experiences and examining oneself (Caldwell Grobbel, 2013). According to Chong (2009), â€Å"reflective practice should be a continuous cycle in which experience and reflection on experiences are inter-related†. Reflective practice as a concept of learning, was introduced into many professions in the late 1980’s (Jasper, 2003), and in today’s society it is viewed as an important component of theRead MoreReflection Of A Reflection On Academic Skills1043 Words   |  5 Pagesaround everyone, (Stadter, 2015). Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), a framework for students to resolve problems in assignments, step by step, I will reflect on my own problems, (UK Essays, 2013). My previous goal was to study in a university and now that I have accomplished that goal, my next goal is to complete the course with a good grade. But the reality of achieving the Foundation Degree is a much harder concept than what I first thought, having a writer s block can be a hindrance, slowing theRead MoreReflection Of A Reflection On Academic Skills1046 Words   |  5 Pagesaround everyone, (Stadter, 2015). Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988), a framework for students to resolve problems in assignments, step by step, I will reflect on my own problems, (UK Essays, 2013). My previous goal was to study in a university and now that I have accomplished that goal, my next goal is to complete the course with a strong grade. But the reality of achieving the Foundation Degree is a much harder concept than what I first thought, having a writer s block can be a hindrance, slowing theRead MoreNhs For National Health Services Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagescertain qualities.Right values and attitude,key skills,knowledge and strong work ethic are the necessary requirements of a healthcare professional.Healthcare professionals can also use reflective practices for personal and professional development in their respective field.Reflective practice is a way of learning from your own personal experiences and then improve the way you work in your respective field.At the time of its foundation,NHS was based on three core principles; that it meets the needsRead MoreDtlls Study Skills Assignment Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesin Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector. In it I will discuss my personal approach to study and the study skills I need to use on the programme. The essay will highlight the skills I feel are my current strengths and draw attention to the areas I need to develop. I will briefly describe and evaluate some different reflective models and in relation to these explain the type of reflective model I use and how this helps me to understand how I can improve my learning experience and my study skillsRead MoreHealth Care Act And 2014 Safeguarding Policy1593 Words   |  7 PagesContribution to Healthcare practice from the 2014 Care Act and 2014 Safeguarding Policy, considering the values necessary for health care practice and how reflective practise contributes to the development of these in the healthcare professional. The NHS has been servicing the nation since its inception on 1948 and it is famous the world over. Prior to the NHS we had no public health care if you wanted to see a doctor you had to pay, there was a small provision for the poorest in the Poor Law 1601

Medical expenses †deductibility in personal income taxation Free Essays

Federal Income tax code specifies the generally deductible expenses in the personal taxation of an individual which include medical expenses, certain taxes, mortgage interest, investment interest and charitable contributions. These deductions mentioned in the chapter are known as itemized deductions. It has to be noted that any expenditures not specifically allowed as itemized deductions are not allowable against the personal income subject to tax. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical expenses – deductibility in personal income taxation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical expenses paid out by the taxable individual on himself, spouse and dependents are allowed as an itemized deduction. The additional points to be noted are that the deduction is allowed only to the extent to which the medical expenses are not reimbursed and the deduction is limited to 7.5% of the taxpayers Adjusted Gross Income. 1.0   DEFINITION OF MEDICAL EXPENSES The definition of medical expenses is very broad to cover not only the expenses incurred for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of the disease but also covers expenses incurred for preventive health cover and costs of periodic physical and dental examinations of the taxpayer. The important point here is that such deductions are allowed even when the taxpayer is in good health. Hence, such medical expenses incurred for the treatment of diseases affecting any structure or function of the body are termed as medical expenses for the purpose of assessing the income for tax purposes. 2.0   COSMETIC SURGERY-DEDUCTIBILITY Expenses incurred for Cosmetic Surgery are deductible when the surgery is necessary to ameliorate a deformity arising from a congenial abnormality or a personal injury or A disfiguring disease. Any medical expenses incurred on cosmetic surgery for purposes other than those which are unnecessary are not deductible. For example, fees paid to a cosmetic surgeon for a face lift of a person of 75 years age to improve his appearance is unnecessary and hence not deductible. But the cost of restoring the face by cosmetic surgery, which is disfigured in an accident, is deductible. 3.0   DEDUCTIBILITY OF CERTAIN OTHER EXPENSES 4.1 COSTS INCURRED IN A NURSING HOME/HOME FOR AGED When a person is admitted in a nursing home or home for the aged primarily to get medical care, then the expenses incurred for the nursing home expenses including meals and lodging are allowable as a deduction. However if the primary concern for being admitted to the nursing home or the home for aged is personal, only the expenses paid for medical or cursing is deductible, whereas, costs of lodging and meals are not deductible. 4.2 TUITION EXPENSES When a dependent is sent to a school having special resources for alleviating the infirmities caused by mental or physical disability, the tuition expenses paid to the school is an allowable deduction. In such cases, the cost of meals and lodging in addition to the tuition fees is allowable. 4.3 MEDICAL EXPENSES INCURRED FOR SPOUSE AND DEPENDENTS A taxpayer is entitled to claim the deduction in his adjusted gross income of the medical expenses incurred by him on his/her spouse and for a person who is dependent on him/her at the time such expenses were incurred. Again the dependency is to be determined on the basis of certain criteria as spelt out in the Act and the schedules. 4.4 EXPENSES INCURRED ON TRANSPORTATION, MEALS AND LODGING FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT Transportation costs like bus, taxi, train or plane fare, charges for ambulance services and out of pocket expenses for the use of an automobile for commuting to and from a point of treatment for medical care are deductible. The taxpayer is entitled to choose either a mileage allowance or actual out-of-pocket automobile expenses. Deduction is allowed for the related parking fees and toll charges, whereas the cost of meals, en route are not allowed as a deduction. Similarly the cost of transportation of a parent accompanying a sick child or a nurse or other attendant accompanying a person who is traveling to get medical care is allowable, provided it is so that the patient can not travel alone and needs an aid to accompany during the journey. The Lodging expenses which are incurred essentially for medical care, when the medical care is provided by a doctor in a licensed hospital or clinic are allowed as deduction. No lavish or extravagant lodging expenses involving significant element of personal pleasure recreation or vacation in the travel away from home is allowed as deduction. The limit for such lodging expenses eligible for deduction is $50 per night for the patient as well as the person who must accompany the patient. 4.5 ALLOWABILITY MEDICAL INSURANCE PREMIUMS AS DEDUCTION The maximum limit of 7.5 % of the adjusted gross income of the taxpayer allowable as deduction include the medical insurance premiums, irrespective of the fact that such premiums are paid under a group or individual plan. When the medical insurance premium is paid by the employer such premium is not included in the income of the taxpayer and it cannot be included in the employee’s medical expense either. Insurance premiums paid by a self employed person are allowed as a business income. The premium paid for the spouse and dependents also qualify for deduction. Premiums paid by companies on their employees health care is allowed as business expenditure for the companies concerned. 4.0   DEDCUTION OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURES INCURRED FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES When swimming is a part of a medical treatment and there is no availability of a neighborhood pool then the capital expenses incurred on constructing such pool will become eligible for deduction. Similarly a Window Air-conditioner which is not permanent in nature, dust elimination system, elevators and a room built to house an iron lung are some of the examples of allowable capital expenditure. The basic criteria in determining the allowability of such expenditure is that they are required as medical necessity upon the advice of a doctor or physician, the facility is used primarily by the patient alone and the expenditure is reasonable. Similarly expenditure like constructing entrance and exit ramps to the residence widening hallways and doorways to accommodate wheelchair, installing support bars and railings in bathrooms and other living rooms and adjusting any electrical outlets or fixtures offer themselves eligible for deduction provided that the expenditure is incurred to enable a physically handicapped individual live independently and productively. If a capital expenditure is allowed as a medical expense, then the allowable cost is deductible in the year incurred. All these expenses are allowed subject to the overall ceiling of 7.5% of the adjusted gross income. 5.0   DEDUCTION ARE ALLOWED ON A CASH BASIS Whatever be the method of accounting adopted by the individual, the medical expenses are deductible on a cash basis. This means that the are deductible only in the year in which they are paid with an exception in the case of deceased person, when the expenses are paid within a year of death then the expenses would be deemed to have paid at the time when they are incurred. Deduction is not allowed currently for any medical expenses that is going to be incurred in the future, subject of course to the exception that the taxpayer has an obligation to pay the fees in advance under the policy of the physician or the institution furnishing the medical care.                                                          Works Cited          â€Å"Hoffman, Smith, Wills – Individual income taxes 2007 Chapter 10 pp 10-2 to 10-8 West Federal Taxation (Thomson)          How to cite Medical expenses – deductibility in personal income taxation, Essay examples

Psychology in Aviation Airline Industry

Question: Write about thePsychology in Aviationfor Airline Industry. Answer: Introduction The airline industry has its goals and objectives which are required to be met by everyone working in the industry. Just like any other organization, its main objective is to serve customers in the best way possible which leads to making maximum profit at the end of the day. For many individuals, air travel is their way of life. Thus, airline industry must put effort to offer the best services. It must be appreciated that psychology plays a big role in airline industry especially the issue of mental health and fear of flying. This paper reviews deeply how ideas from psychology enhance management practice in the airline industry. Fear of Flying Fear of flying is a common issue among potential passengers who travel on daily basis. Events like terrorist occurrences on the Twin Towers and Pentagon through hijacking may also lead to greater number of individuals with the anxiety of flight (Tsang and Vidulich, 2002, p. 596). Some individuals fear flying because of the stories and the cases that have happened in the air as people are on the flight. Fear of flying, whether it is experienced to a high degree, moderate, or mild, can influence an individuals life in different ways. Fear of flying can interfere with social, professional and family events. Since flying is an integral section of peoples life in industrialized states, there are treatment programs which have been advanced to assist those with flight anxiety. The treatment methods used have been confirmed to reduce the fear of flying in an effective way. Nonetheless, not much is known about the tactic which functions the best in controlling fear of flying. So as to treat t he issue of fear of flying most proficiently, it is crucial to find out the risk features for flight anxiety. Cognitive issues have frequently been viewed to be linked with indicators of panic and anxiety. Additionally, the way individuals handle cognitively with stressful events can be a significant aspect in determining well-being of passengers (St. George, 2010, p. 391). Cognitive treatment approaches like rumination, catastrophizing, and self-blame have been discovered to have an affirmative association with maladjustment, while affirmative reassessment has been discovered to have a destructive association with maladjustment (Curtis, Jentsch and Wise, 2010, p. 440). Research has suggested that individuals who are anxious about flying usually think to a substantial degree on what ladders to take as well as the way to tackle stressful moments while in a flight. Additionally, they even think about the thoughts and feelings linked to the flight as well as having views of playing along with the significance of the incident or highlighting it moderately when associated with supplementary actions. Evidently, the respondents in the test taken seemed to have lesser considerations of clearly stressing the fear of the flight as well as placing the fault of what they had experienced before (Jensen, 1997, p. 339). Most individuals with flight anxiety use self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination at a higher level than other strategies. The degree to which rumination is utilized by these individuals is equivalent to a locus cluster of psychiatric patients. Notably, acceptance, affirmative reassessment, positioning into outlook and supplementary culpability are used to a lesser degree when they are compared to a group of reference individuals in a certain population. Additionally, the association between the cognitive coping method and anxiety signs shows that people who use self-blame, rumination and acceptance at a higher level are likely to show the higher extent of anxiety which is generalized, fearful anxiety, anxiety while anticipating a flight, anxiety in association with flights, as well as anxiety during flying (Wilson, Caldwell and Russell, 2007, p. 240). There are higher levels of physical signs as a countenance of nervousness in flight states and upsetting thoughts as an appearance of concern in flight circumstances. These same associations with anxiety which are generalized were seen in studies that measured cognitive managing as an extra universal coping technique. The findings of an experiment of cognitive coping strategies suggest that beliefs of self-blame for what an individual has gone through, beliefs of accepting w hat one has gone through and thoughts linked with aeroplanes, and beliefs of clearly highlighting the fear of the aeroplane are not an actual technique to tackle flying experiences and may lead to greater anxiety degree (Soeters and Boer, 2009, p.121). The study taken suggested that many cognitive coping techniques were connected to anxiety. Thus, programs of treatment may pay better attention to the cognitive coping techniques. It may be performed by challenging the techniques which were maladaptive such as acceptance, self-blame, catastrophising and rumination (Helmreich, Merritt and Wilhelm, 1999, p. 32). In particular, rumination followed by the act of acceptance and self-blame must receive better attention because they are utilized to the greatest level by individuals with flight anxiety. The tactic could be assimilated into the well-developed cognitive rehabilitations that emphasize on shifting irrational and dysfunctional cognitions. Most organizations which focus on treating flight anxiety involve cognitive restructuring and coping training. The study offered significant clues concerning which cognitive coping techniques were to be challenged in the process of treatment programs. So as to find a better inclusive view, upcom ing studies must also emphasize on additional managing strategies, like behavioral managing techniques as well as the habit of prescription or liquor to manage with flight anxiety (Wiegmann and Shappell, 2001, p. 350). Mental Health Just like aviation which is a large field, mental health also keeps on evolving as time goes by. The mental health issues and mental health specialists who have some negative reaction side with those accountable for worker mental health, either due to the fact that the matters have been neglected or ignored or due to the presence of issues which have been taken for disadvantage or at times doing away with the career of a person (Stout, Salas and Kraiger, 1997, p. 239). Most of the time the issue of mental health is used when things are not right that is when they go wrong, and that is the only time mental health appears to have some relevance. Things go wrong with a pilot, flight, the controller of air traffic, or sometimes with the engineer of aircraft maintenance. Evidently, this perception is unfortunate as most members of crew appreciate and accept as of their human features progresses as well as training crew resource management accept that those psychological features have a si gnificant function to play in efficient and safe flight (St. George, 2010, p. 391). Numerous physical and psychological challenges to flight have been there to both passengers and crew from ancient days of powered and controlled flight, over a decade ago. Notably, there have been outstanding accomplishments in engineering over the previous decade which have made the issue of air travel both highly and possibly available in the period of a solo lifetime, but the achievements have not been made without some challenges (Salas, Bowers and Prince, 1998, p. 195). Once evolutionary obstacles to movement are surpassed, various consequences are extracted, the greatest mutual of which are movement fatigue, jet lag, sickness, and raised stress as well as arousal. For crew in the flight, there might be extra issues which are related to decision-making, judgment, concentration, perception and many others (St. George, 2010, p.390). The issue of air travel brings individuals to be close to strangers and also put people in a situation of trusting professionals who are unseen; there fore it is relevant to understand social psychology which is related to behavior in teams and groups. Flight also disturbs human-associated; work-shift, prolonged or work nonattendances from home, and stress may together exact demand resilience and toll and outstanding coping habits (Smith et al., 1997, p. 239). The insights help people understand that there are main sources which are five in number related to mental health issues among employees in aviation. They involve stresses related to safety, coping and survival. Additionally, there are stresses which emanate from a lot of workloads, how works are structured and the managerial climate such as frequency of flights, rostering, jet lag, financial challenges, and pensions. There are personal issues which stalk from interruption to personal associations which scientific investigation proposes must act as a bumper to stress which result from work. Ever-present manners concerning the loss of authorization as a consequence of the beginning of a prohibiting medical situation, and standard psychological difficulties that happen logically in the ordinary life of the residents. Many military and airline pilots repute the possible worth of psychology as fairly humorous. Aviation mental health involves six major tasks which include the following: choosing out those viewed to be psychologically ailing to work or fly within the company. It also monitors the psychological health of individuals who usually establish psychological issues in the progression in their job. The other task is determining if and for the period of time an individual is not fit to work or fly in aviation. Additionally, it also supports individuals who are thought to be unhealthy to fly emotionally, whether briefly or for a longer period. Last, it prevents mental health issues through active intervention, research, and health elevation (Wickens, 2008, p. 370). Conclusion In conclusion, some individuals are anxious about flights, and it leads to flight anxiety. It has been a major concern to the extent that there are programs which are set to cater for this problem. The issue may be performed by challenging the techniques which were maladaptive such as acceptance, self-blame, catastrophizing and rumination. Mental health is also a crucial issue, and for an individual to work in the airline industry, one must have a good mental health condition. References Curtis, M. T., Jentsch, F. and Wise, J. A. (2010) Aviation Displays, in Human Factors in Aviation, pp. 439478. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374518-7.00014-6. St. George, R. (2010) Review of Aviation psychology and human factors., The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 20(4), pp. 390393. doi: 10.1080/10508414.2010.520579. Helmreich, R. L., Merritt, a C. and Wilhelm, J. a (1999) The evolution of Crew Resource Management training in commercial aviation., The International journal of aviation psychology, 9(1), pp. 1932. doi: 10.1207/s15327108ijap0901_2. Jensen, R. S. (1997) The Boundaries of Aviation Psychology, Human Factors, Aeronautical Decision Making, Situation Awareness, and Crew Resource Management, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 7(4), pp. 331341. doi: 10.1207/s15327108ijap0704. Salas, E., Bowers, C. A. and Prince, C. (1998) Special Issue on Simulation and Training in Aviation, International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 8(3), p. 195. doi: 10.1207/s15327108ijap0803_1. Smith, C. S., Lewin, E. K., Hancock, A., McCarthy, C., Miller, T., Tsang, P., Colle, A., Reid, B., Backs, W., Lenneman, K., Veltman, H., Gaillard, A., van, B. L., Jensen, E., Dennehy, K., Deighton, D. B., Prince, C., Salas, E., MacLeod, S., Newman, M., Tattersall, J., OConnor, L., Hardiman, T., Dhiomasaigh, L. N., McCarthy, J., Muir, C. and Cobbett, A. (1997) Aviation psychology, Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics, Vol. 1: Transportation systems., pp. 229336. Soeters, J. L. and Boer, P. C. (2009) Culture and Flight Safety in Military Aviation, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 10(2), pp. 111133. doi: 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1002. Stout, R. J., Salas, E. and Kraiger, K. (1997) The role of trainee knowledge structures in aviation team environments., The International journal of aviation psychology, 7(3), pp. 23550. doi: 10.1207/s15327108ijap0703_4. Tsang, P. S. and Vidulich, M. A. (2002) Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology, Human Factors in Transportation. Available at: https://www.amazon.com/Principles-Practice-Aviation-Psychology-Hardcover/dp/B003JGU9QW?SubscriptionId=1V7VTJ4HA4MFT9XBJ1R2tag=mekentosjcom-20linkCode=xm2camp=2025creative=165953creativeASIN=B003JGU9QW. Wickens, C. (2008) Aviation, in Handbook of Applied Cognition, pp. 361389. doi: 10.1002/9780470713181.ch14. Wiegmann, D. A. and Shappell, S. A. (2001) Human Error Perspectives in Aviation, Journal of Aviation Psychology, 11(4), pp. 341357. doi: 10.1207/S15327108IJAP1104_2. Wilson, G. F., Caldwell, J. A. and Russell, C. A. (2007) Performance and Psychophysiological Measures of Fatigue Effects on Aviation Related Tasks of Varying Difficulty, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 17(2), pp. 219247. doi: 10.1080/10508410701328839.